Outline+page

 // I.  ////  Unifying  ////  Italy  //  · ** //  Though Italian people spoke the same language they have not experienced political unity since the roman times. // **  · ** // Once the early 1800’s Italian patriots would come revolutionary and were determined to unite a new  // **** //  Italy  // **** //. // **  · ** //  In  // **** //  Germany  // **** //  unification was brought up by efforts of strong state and relentless politician. // **  ** //  A.  // **** //  Obstacles to Italian unity   // **  · ** // For centuries  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  was a battle ground for foreign and local princes  // **  · ** //  The invasions of napoleon gave hope and dreams of national unity. // **  · ** // Prince Metternich of  // **** //  Austria  // **** //  thought the idea of  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  becoming unified was a joke. // **  · ** //  Austria  // **** //  took control of northern  // **** //  Italy  // **** //. // **  · ** //  Nationalist focused their efforts on getting  // **** //  Austria  // **** //  out of northern  // **** //  Italy  // **  ** // 1. // **** // Mazzini Establishes Young  // **** //  Italy  // **  · ** // In 1830’s nationalist leader Mazzini founded young  // **** //  Italy  // **** //. // **  · ** //  The goal of the secret society was to make  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  one independent free unified nation. // **  · ** //  In 1849 Mazzini started a revolution in  // **** //  Rome  // **** //  but was knocked over by French forces   // **  · ** //  Mazzini spent most of his life plotting on unifying Italy   // **  ** // 2. // **** // Nationalism takes roots  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** // Mazzini thought a united  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  made sense because of geography and because of the common language and history. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //  Nationalists would remind Italians of the glories of ancient  // **** //  Rome  // **** //  and the medieval papacy. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //   It would end the trade barriers among the Italian state and stimulate industry. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in left 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> ** // B.  // **** //  The struggle for Italy  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 114pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42pt;"> · ** //  After 1848 leadership of the nationalists movement passed to the    // ** ** // kingdom  // **** //  of  // **** //  Sardinia  // **** //  which included piedmont, Nice and  // **** //  Savoy  // **** //  and also the  // **** //  island  // **** //  of  // **** //  Sardinia  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** //   The constitutional monarchy victor Emmanuel hoped to join other states to his own to increase his power. // ** ** //   1. Cavour becomes prime minister    // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0in 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** //  In 1852 victor made Camilla Cavour his prime minister   // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0in 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** // Cavour moved first to reform  // **** //  Sardinia  // **** //  ’s economy  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0in 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** //  He improved agriculture, build railroads, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade    // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0in 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** // His long term goal was to end Austrian power in  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  and annex the provinces of  // **** //  Lombardy  // **** //  and  // **** //  Venetia  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 73.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 73.5pt left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"> ** //  3. // **** // Intrigue with  // **** //  France  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** // In 1855 led by Cavour, joined  // **** //  Britain  // **** //  and  // **** //  France  // **** //  against  // **** //  Russia  // **** //  in the Crimean war. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //  Sardinia  // **** //  also gained attention to Napoleon. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //  In 1858 Cavour negotiated a secret plan with napoleon who promised to aid  // **** //  Sardinia  // **** //  in case of war with  // **** //  Austria  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //  With help from  // **** //  France  // ** ** //  Sardinia  // **** //  defeated  // **** //  Austria  // **** //  and annexed  // **** //  Lombardy  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 73.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 73.5pt left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"> ** //  4. // **** // Garibaldi’s “Red shirts”   // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** //  Mazzini and garibaldi both wanted to create an Italian republic. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** //  By 1860 Garibaldi had recruited 1000 red-shirted volunteers. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** // Cavour provided weapons and two ships for Garibaldi and his volunteers to head south to  // **** //  Sicily  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** //  Garibaldi and his force won control of  // **** //  Sicily  // **** //  and crossed to the mainland and marched to  // **** //  Naples  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 73.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 73.5pt left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"> ** //  5. // **** // Unity at last  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** // Since Cavour was worried garibaldi would set up his own republic he sent Victor Emmanuel to deal with him and in result Garibaldi turned  // **** //  Sicily  // **** //  and  // **** //  Naples  // **** //  to him  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** // Shortly afterward southern  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  voted to improve the move and then in 1861 Victor was crowned king of  // **** //  Italy  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** //  Two areas remained outside of  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  and they were  // **** //  Rome  // **** //  and  // **** //  Venetia  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** //  After a deal was negotiated after the Austro-Prussian war  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  acquired  // **** //  Venetia  // **** //. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** //  Then during the Franco-Prussian war in 1870  // **** //  France  // **** //  was forced to leave  // **** //  Rome  // **** //  and for the first time since the fall of the roman empire  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  was a united land. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** //   In 1861 Cavour died   // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in left 1.0in 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> ** // C.  // **** //  Challenges facing the new nation  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 63pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt;"> · ** //  Few Italians felt like they were not part of the new nation. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 63pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt;"> · ** // Strong regional rivalries left  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  solve national issues  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> ** // 1. // **** // Divisions   // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** //  The greatest regional differences were north and south   // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** //  The north was richer and had more cities then the cities   // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** // North Italy  // **** //  cities were the center of business and culture while the south was poor and more rural. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** //  Hostility between  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  and the Roman Catholic Church were dividing the nation. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 1.0in list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> ** //  2. // **** // Turmoil   // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //  The king pointed members to the house which could veto bills passed by the lower house   // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //  In late 1800’s unrest increased as radicals on the left struggled against a conservative government. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //  Sociologists would organize strikes while anarchies wanted to get rid of the entire government    // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;"> · ** //  Slowly the government extended suffrage to more men and passed to laws to improve the social conditions. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 81pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> ** // 3. // **** // Economic progress  // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** // Even though with all the problems  // **** //  Italy  // **** //  faced, they did develop economically, especially after 1900. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** //   Even though they were lacking in natural resources such as coal, the industries did sprout up in northern regions. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** //  The population increased a lot and created tension. // ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · ** // A problem was many Italian people immigrated to the  // **** //  north America  // **** //. // **